Guangdong's Pearl River Delta produces 1/4 of the world's watches and clocks. In order to improve product quality and quality, we must import high-end three-dimensional CAD/CAM technology, refer to the Swiss production of high-end clock technology, to meet the market demand for multi-species and small-batch, direct use (multi-axis or even five-axis) machining center manufacturing high-end watches , to ensure its clear ridgeline, strong and acute angle of the unique style and shape. CAMAND software is a high-speed knife in the CAM field. It is one of the best software packages for 2 to 5 axes, and is particularly famous for its powerful functions such as NURBS surface design modeling and numerical control machining programming. The Swiss WILLMIN-408 WILLMIN-408 machining center has five axes and five linkage processing capabilities. This type of five-axis machine tool is representative of programming and post-processing. Through the practice of machining several parts, we have explored a method of writing a five-axis machining program using CAMAND. 1 Basic principles and ideas 
figure 1
Figure 2 As shown in Figure 1, using the CAD module of I-DEAS MASTER SERIES or CAMAMD software to model the parts, and then programming with the CAM module, you can get the NC tool location file (CL file), and then through the post-processing program. (The post-processing program is programmed for the machine tool structure and numerical control system), and the NC machining program can be obtained. In addition to the three linear movements of X, Y and Z, the WILLMIN-408 machining center also has a wobble plate and a rotary table. As shown in FIG. 2 , the center of the rotary table coincides with the rotation axis C of the table, and the rotation axis B of the oscillating disc intersects with the rotation axis C of the table at right angles. The machine is dedicated to the production of watches. A special fixture is used to fix the workpiece in the center of the rotary table. This ensures that the center of the workpiece is the rotation axis C, and the X and Y values ​​of the center and the Z value of the fixture positioning surface are input. Workpiece coordinate system for preparation of machining program calls. The machining center is equipped with the French NUM-1060 CNC system, and a G150 code is defined for the tilt of the five-axis plane. The system itself can calculate the coordinate change after tilting the plane. As shown in Figure 3, the coordinate of the machining point before the plane tilt and rotation is X-10.0 Y-0.0 Z-5.0, in order to be able to machine to this point after the plane is tilted by 30° and the C axis is rotated, the G150 code can be used. The numerical control system calculates the position of the point after the plane is tilted. In actual machining, this function is often used for simple plane tilting. In fact, programming in CAM also establishes the distance of the workpiece relative to the oscillating axis to generate the correct NC program. To program a five-axis machining program using CAM, the machining coordinate system must be specified. The origin of the coordinate system is the position of the swing axis B, and the machining coordinate system of the five-axis NC program and the three-axis NC program must be the same. If the three-axis NC program uses Z0 as the bottom surface of the workpiece, the Z-axis value of the 5-axis NC program must subtract the distance from the oscillating axis B to the bottom surface of the workpiece. To verify that the configuration in G150 or CAM is correct, use the simple part machining shown in Figure 4 to verify. The blank is a Ø26mm cylinder, with a Ø8mm end mill light surface, a milling rectangle of 20mm × 15mm × 10mm (three-axis machining), and milling four slots with a Ø8mm tool (five-axis machining). The theoretical value of the boss width after machining should be 5mm, and the error of the actual value measured. The trial machining of this simple part proves that the machine tool is configured correctly before it can perform more complex five-axis machining or three-axis and five-axis hybrid machining.
image 3
Figure 4
Fig. 5 2 Processing example The parts shown in Fig. 5 are the case of a high-grade watch. The material is stainless steel, and the blank is 40mm×28m×8mm. The Ø8mm hole is pre-drilled in the middle to facilitate cutting. The following 24mm × 21mm × 3mm slot has two functions as both the clamping position and the movement position. The maximum speed of WILLMIN-408 machine tool is 18000r/min. The imported Ø13mm corn milling cutter (hard alloy material) is used. In this roughing process, the speed can reach 4000r/min, the feed speed can reach 500mm/min, and the five axes can be fully utilized. Machining capacity, using a cylindrical end mill side cutter to machine the case R60.Omm curved surface, use the bottom edge to process the material around the blank and the open position 13mm (mount the strap position), bevels 76° and 20°, the arcs on both sides of the case Surface R1.5m and bevel 45° cylindrical milling cutters for edge roughing, forming cutters for finishing, which increase both efficiency and surface quality. Programming can be directly used G150, convenient and intuitive, can also be used CAM programming. In the glass position, the accuracy must be ensured. This way, after sealing the glass, the sealing performance is good, and the waterproofness is good. It can reach 5ATM or even 1OATM. It must be perpendicular to R60mm. It must be programmed with CAM in five-axis linkage. The glass fillet is R1.5mm. Therefore, the use of Ø3mm end mill cutter shaft vector control method can use the surface normal (NORMAL), the use of projection curve function to establish the knife curve, so that the bottom of the processing quality is better. The tool axis vector control can also adopt the tangent TANTO() method to establish the ruled surface and set the tool diameter to Ø0.001mm, so that the lateral processing quality is better. In the five-axis linkage processing, the feed rate control is different from the three-axis linear motion. The three axes are represented by the G94 code; the five-axis linkage has the rotation of the shaft. To make the rotation uniform, the machined surface is smooth, and the inverse speed must be used. In the NUM-1060 numerical control system, the G93 code is used to indicate how many seconds each 1mm or 1° is used, and there is a feedrate at each coordinate position. This ensures uniform motion and the feedrate is generated by the CAM software. The whole case is clamped once and the processing takes about 1 minute. Through the processing of dozens of tables, some five-axis machining experience is summarized: The FIX vector mode can be used when machining the surface, similar to the three-axis machining, but the axis vector is inclined at an angle and not parallel to any machine axis. When machining with a ball-end knives, the end of the ball-end knives is cut away. Since the line speed at this point is zero, the machining efficiency and surface quality can be improved. When using the NORMAL vector mode, the tangent point can be set at any position in the tool plane, and the tangent point can be specified as required to obtain the desired surface. The surface quality cut by the tool bottom is better and should be used as far as possible. When using the tangential (TANTO) vector method, it is best to use a ruled surface. The direction of the ruled surface determines the direction of the tool axis, so the surface must be smooth and free from wrinkling and distortion. When machining a surface, you can establish its normal surface or normal line to control the direction of the tool axis and generate a machining program. In order to prevent over-cutting, when creating a five-axis machining program, an interference inspection surface must be set up, and the tool path verification and machine tool simulation must be performed to ensure correct use.
figure 1
Figure 2 As shown in Figure 1, using the CAD module of I-DEAS MASTER SERIES or CAMAMD software to model the parts, and then programming with the CAM module, you can get the NC tool location file (CL file), and then through the post-processing program. (The post-processing program is programmed for the machine tool structure and numerical control system), and the NC machining program can be obtained. In addition to the three linear movements of X, Y and Z, the WILLMIN-408 machining center also has a wobble plate and a rotary table. As shown in FIG. 2 , the center of the rotary table coincides with the rotation axis C of the table, and the rotation axis B of the oscillating disc intersects with the rotation axis C of the table at right angles. The machine is dedicated to the production of watches. A special fixture is used to fix the workpiece in the center of the rotary table. This ensures that the center of the workpiece is the rotation axis C, and the X and Y values ​​of the center and the Z value of the fixture positioning surface are input. Workpiece coordinate system for preparation of machining program calls. The machining center is equipped with the French NUM-1060 CNC system, and a G150 code is defined for the tilt of the five-axis plane. The system itself can calculate the coordinate change after tilting the plane. As shown in Figure 3, the coordinate of the machining point before the plane tilt and rotation is X-10.0 Y-0.0 Z-5.0, in order to be able to machine to this point after the plane is tilted by 30° and the C axis is rotated, the G150 code can be used. The numerical control system calculates the position of the point after the plane is tilted. In actual machining, this function is often used for simple plane tilting. In fact, programming in CAM also establishes the distance of the workpiece relative to the oscillating axis to generate the correct NC program. To program a five-axis machining program using CAM, the machining coordinate system must be specified. The origin of the coordinate system is the position of the swing axis B, and the machining coordinate system of the five-axis NC program and the three-axis NC program must be the same. If the three-axis NC program uses Z0 as the bottom surface of the workpiece, the Z-axis value of the 5-axis NC program must subtract the distance from the oscillating axis B to the bottom surface of the workpiece. To verify that the configuration in G150 or CAM is correct, use the simple part machining shown in Figure 4 to verify. The blank is a Ø26mm cylinder, with a Ø8mm end mill light surface, a milling rectangle of 20mm × 15mm × 10mm (three-axis machining), and milling four slots with a Ø8mm tool (five-axis machining). The theoretical value of the boss width after machining should be 5mm, and the error of the actual value measured. The trial machining of this simple part proves that the machine tool is configured correctly before it can perform more complex five-axis machining or three-axis and five-axis hybrid machining.
image 3
Figure 4
Fig. 5 2 Processing example The parts shown in Fig. 5 are the case of a high-grade watch. The material is stainless steel, and the blank is 40mm×28m×8mm. The Ø8mm hole is pre-drilled in the middle to facilitate cutting. The following 24mm × 21mm × 3mm slot has two functions as both the clamping position and the movement position. The maximum speed of WILLMIN-408 machine tool is 18000r/min. The imported Ø13mm corn milling cutter (hard alloy material) is used. In this roughing process, the speed can reach 4000r/min, the feed speed can reach 500mm/min, and the five axes can be fully utilized. Machining capacity, using a cylindrical end mill side cutter to machine the case R60.Omm curved surface, use the bottom edge to process the material around the blank and the open position 13mm (mount the strap position), bevels 76° and 20°, the arcs on both sides of the case Surface R1.5m and bevel 45° cylindrical milling cutters for edge roughing, forming cutters for finishing, which increase both efficiency and surface quality. Programming can be directly used G150, convenient and intuitive, can also be used CAM programming. In the glass position, the accuracy must be ensured. This way, after sealing the glass, the sealing performance is good, and the waterproofness is good. It can reach 5ATM or even 1OATM. It must be perpendicular to R60mm. It must be programmed with CAM in five-axis linkage. The glass fillet is R1.5mm. Therefore, the use of Ø3mm end mill cutter shaft vector control method can use the surface normal (NORMAL), the use of projection curve function to establish the knife curve, so that the bottom of the processing quality is better. The tool axis vector control can also adopt the tangent TANTO() method to establish the ruled surface and set the tool diameter to Ø0.001mm, so that the lateral processing quality is better. In the five-axis linkage processing, the feed rate control is different from the three-axis linear motion. The three axes are represented by the G94 code; the five-axis linkage has the rotation of the shaft. To make the rotation uniform, the machined surface is smooth, and the inverse speed must be used. In the NUM-1060 numerical control system, the G93 code is used to indicate how many seconds each 1mm or 1° is used, and there is a feedrate at each coordinate position. This ensures uniform motion and the feedrate is generated by the CAM software. The whole case is clamped once and the processing takes about 1 minute. Through the processing of dozens of tables, some five-axis machining experience is summarized: The FIX vector mode can be used when machining the surface, similar to the three-axis machining, but the axis vector is inclined at an angle and not parallel to any machine axis. When machining with a ball-end knives, the end of the ball-end knives is cut away. Since the line speed at this point is zero, the machining efficiency and surface quality can be improved. When using the NORMAL vector mode, the tangent point can be set at any position in the tool plane, and the tangent point can be specified as required to obtain the desired surface. The surface quality cut by the tool bottom is better and should be used as far as possible. When using the tangential (TANTO) vector method, it is best to use a ruled surface. The direction of the ruled surface determines the direction of the tool axis, so the surface must be smooth and free from wrinkling and distortion. When machining a surface, you can establish its normal surface or normal line to control the direction of the tool axis and generate a machining program. In order to prevent over-cutting, when creating a five-axis machining program, an interference inspection surface must be set up, and the tool path verification and machine tool simulation must be performed to ensure correct use.
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