The exploitation of open pit mines, while promoting economic development, also causes serious damage to the ecological environment. Occupation and destruction of land during the mining process, pollution of water resources, and biodiversity are also compromised. It is necessary to carry out land greening and reclamation to restore the ecological system, adjust the ecological structure, and stabilize the water and soil to improve the natural environment. This is the social responsibility and principle that the production and construction party must bear.
However, for production and construction units and individuals, as well as the government, there is still a lack of matching laws and regulations and punishment mechanisms. And the huge amount of investment in mine reclamation, recovery of funds difficult to implement long-term, severely restricted the land reclamation work. Through the research on the reclaiming technology methods of the open-pit coal mines in the past, the good experiences were summarized in each case, and some problems were also found. Discussions were made and feasible solutions were proposed.
1Rehabilitation techniques and methods
When the mine resources are exhausted, the barren hill gully and the bald ridge pit will be left. The original vegetation will be destroyed and the destroyed land will be abandoned. Mine production and construction and resource managers should follow the principle of “who is ruined and who rehabilitates†and undertake social responsibility for mine greening and reclamation. Maintain the stability of the mining ecosystem and achieve sustainable use of regional land resources.
The reclamation of open-pit coal mines is better, such as the land reclamation area of ​​the south dumping site of the Antaibao open-pit coal mine in Pingyi, Shanxi Province. Through the process control, the measures of “production, damage, and recovery†are implemented; overall planning and protection Sex mining ensures that production protection is synchronized, reducing or mitigating biodiversity damage, and incorporating land reclamation funds into production costs; topsoil stripping, soil seed bank protection; development of clearing vegetation, soil transfer, storage and replacement, bio-chain Restructuring, conservation and recovery technologies, through the reorganization of biodiversity technology to maintain the stability of the ecosystem; through the cultivation of vegetables, pigs, lambs, breeding cattle, to gain.
2 problems with greening and reclamation
2.1 The supporting laws and regulations for land reclamation are not perfect
At present, China's relevant laws and regulations, related to the provisions of mine environmental protection, are mostly limited to the "three wastes" pollution and governance, but not enough attention to other environmental problems in the mine, there is no law to regulate the mines When it is implemented, there is a lack of effective supervision of the mine reclamation work.
2.2 The price formation mechanism is unreasonable and lacks environmental cost compensation.
The investment in mine reclamation has a huge amount, and the recovery period is long and needs heavy support. Without government intervention, it is difficult to achieve a reasonable balance of resource development through free competition. Environmental costs should be added to the price of mineral products to reform the price formation mechanism of resource products.
2.3 Mine reclamation funds are difficult to implement, and the investment is large
Mine reclamation requires a lot of money. For production and construction units and individuals, the amount of investment in mine reclamation is huge, and the long-term recovery period is difficult to implement, and funds cannot be implemented. As far as Pingyi is concerned, the land for reclamation is more than 30,000 mu, the greening is more than 60,000 mu, and the investment is more than 2.6 billion yuan. It must be said that the determination of environmental governance and the investment in reclamation are enormous.
3 Solutions to the difficulties of mine rehabilitation
3.1 Improve the relevant laws and regulations of mine reclamation
Policies and regulations are the legal guarantee for doing a good job in mine reclamation in China, and a complete set of laws and regulations and supervision and management systems must be established. It is also necessary to formulate and promulgate the rules and regulations for the operation of land reclamation, especially mine reclamation, in conjunction with the Land Reclamation Regulations as soon as possible, and implement the policy of “who destroys and who reclaimsâ€.
3.2 Form a reasonable price mechanism
Environmental costs should be added during the development of mineral resources. In order to make the mine greening and reclamation costs become an integral part of the price of mining products. Coordination in taxation, increase the mine reclamation fee, so that the price of mineral products is composed of the mining cost of the enterprise and the mine reclamation fee and other taxes and fees, and is uniformly paid for the special funds.
3.3 Implementation of the mine reclamation deposit system
The Mineral Resources Law should be added to the mine reclamation deposit system when it is revised. Before obtaining a mining license, an enterprise must pay a certain amount of funds and assets as a resettlement implementation deposit, and deposit it in a special management organization to ensure that the mine reclamation project is earmarked. With economic management means, the production and construction units will fulfill the obligation of mine environmental restoration and land reclamation, and promote the effective implementation of mine environmental restoration and treatment.
It can be seen that in order to promote greening and reclamation of enterprises, it is necessary to improve regulations and mechanisms and ensure the source of funds. For SMEs or companies that are forced to recuperate, how to solve the contradiction between cost and benefit, and implement a low-input and feasible reclamation method is the subject of our research.
3.4 Explore low-input implementation plans
3.4.1 Environmental, Geological and Species Studies
China Coal Longhua Mining Co., Ltd. is located in Yilan County, Heilongjiang Province. The climate belongs to the mid-temperate continental climate. The open-pit mine covers a total area of ​​894.37hm2 and has been stripped of 223.38 million m3. The exfoliates contain carbonaceous mudstone, sandstone , clay , drift sand, gravel, oil shale and coal gangue.
As of 2015, although 54hm2 has been reclaimed, the surface temperature in the summer has increased sharply and the survival rate of trees is low. The next step is to gradually carry out greening and reclamation of the south and north dumps. Through the analysis and analysis of previous experience of greening and reclamation, there are many porphyrites in the excavation soil of the dumping site. It is necessary to plant native grass plants that are resistant to drought, heat, cold and cold, optimize soil structure, improve soil plant living environment and overcome The problem is that the surface temperature is high and the survival rate of trees is low.
Through research on local plants, it has been found that purslane, sorghum and amaranth plants are not only resistant to living, drought, heat and cold, but also easy to survive in harsh environments with less water and less soil. Or reclining, multi-branched, undulating, squatting or sloping, and breeding in a variety of ways, suitable for the local environment and climate. In 2015, the planting test was successful, and another institution has conducted observations on this plant for more than three years. The Jianping is fast, the branching ability is the strongest, the toughness is good, the trampling is resistant, and the number of green days is kept the longest. It is very suitable for the greening and reclamation of the dumping site of Yilan Coal Mine. These plants produce organic matter through photosynthesis, can maintain water and reduce the temperature of the meteorite by direct sunlight, and provide solid soil protection for the next planting tree species.
3.4.2 Obtaining financial subsidies and preferential policies
At present, although the relevant laws and regulations such as mine greening and reclamation are still not perfect, the way to deal with climate change governance is multiple. The construction of mine greening and reclamation is also a measure of climate change control, which can be absorbed by photosynthesis of forest plants. The “carbon sink†mechanism of carbon dioxide, which mitigates the greenhouse effect and realizes the role of forests in absorbing and storing carbon dioxide, is also the implementation of greening reclamation.
Calculate “net emissions†by absorbing carbon dioxide by green reclamation. At present, seven carbon sink pilots have been identified nationwide, and carbon sink forestry has huge business opportunities. Enterprises can accumulate carbon credit indicators and store more living space for the future development of enterprises. And China will launch the national carbon emission trading system in 2017. At that time, the carbon emission reduction will offset the actual carbon emission of the enterprise, and it can also be used as a “CCER†China Certified Voluntary Emission Reduction for quotas. Rehabilitation greening is to promote the realization of forest carbon sink emission reduction, which is very valuable for market transactions.
4 feasibility analysis summary
Ecology is prosperous and civilized, and human civilization cannot be separated from this universal law of social development. Be kind to the environment, the environment is friendly; the environment is destroyed, and the environment is finally revenge. This is the law of nature. Therefore, mine mining destroys the ecology and violates the laws of nature. No matter whether the system and regulations are sound, enterprises and individuals have the obligation and responsibility to go. Restore ecological balance. It is necessary to learn from advanced technical experience and good methods and methods to study local species to implement low-input and feasible solutions; use existing policy mechanisms to promote mine greening and reclamation construction, because greening and reclamation construction is ecological civilization construction. It is an objective requirement for the protection and development of productive forces, an important symbol of the progress of social civilization, and a great project that is conducive to the contemporary and beneficial to the future.
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